Leadership :: School Leaders, Ethical Behaviors, Administration

Real confidential information concentrate on doing the right thing, not on doing things right.According to Lashway (1996) this advice is nothing new to school leaders who face ethical dilemmas on a daily basis. Although administrators face these dilemmas on a daily basis, very few of them are trained or pedagogically equipped to deal with these conflicts.To prove the amplitude of this problem Reilly (2006) states that ethical breeches exist and illegal behaviors happen even in the school yard in the presence of children, the can also serve to distract us from the larger matters to which we must attend (p. 164). This is not a problem that can merely be swept under the carpet. Instead, administrators must take a look at why they do things, and why they make certain conclusions.Kocabas and Karakose (2009) cite several leading experts that describe the self-examination that an administrator must make when they are faced with an ethical dilemmaEthical issues are part of everyday life in schools. They frequently arise from decisions which require value judgments about doing the right thing, or saying the good or best thing in a circumstance situation. Although doing the right thing seems easy enough most times when an ethically difficult situation arises, it may cause individuals to examine their ethics in do (p. 126).The situations that administrators face can cause them to take a close look at why they make certain decisions. Examining ones own decision can greatly aid the decision making process.Administrators must examine their own ethics and make ethical decisions because schools are inherently dedicated to the upbeat of the children who attend (Lashway, 2006). The ethical climate of the school is the responsibility of the administrator in charge. The relationships that develop ethically in the school between students, staff, and administrators are directly associate to the behavior and decision-making of the administrator (Sagnak, 2010, p. 11 36).This leads to the question What is ethical behavior for an administrator? According to the American Association of School Administrators (2010), there are some behaviors that are needful for an administrator to behave ethically. First an administrator must make the educational well-being of the students the fundamental condition of the decision-making process. Also, the administrator must fulfill their professional duties honestly and always act in a responsible manner.Further, the administrator should allow his positive ethical behavior to carry over to his staff.

Essay --

Christmas Markets around the WorldChristmas is a sorcerous holiday and it is celebrated everywhere in the world by creating a fantasy scenery on the streets and in every shop and house. Around Christmas time, all the big cities in the world turn into a magical place, decorated with huge Christmas trees and with thousands of Christmas lights. But that is not all. In many cities around the world, no matter whether they are the capital city of a country or a small town, there are organized Christmas Markets every year. The Christmas markets fill the streets with a marvellous comprehend of traditional delicacies related to Christmas and so everybody is attracted to the markets by the extraordinary, fantasy-like smell coming from there. In these markets, people crowd out also find original, unique ideas to bargain as gifts for their loved ones, as merchandisers usually sell hand-made items in these markets. And lets not forget about the beautiful Christmas decorations, which you can also find at any of these markets.Austria is one of the countries in which Christmas Markets are an old tradition. There, you can find at least one Christmas Market in any major city or town, but the most famous of all remains, of course, capital of Austrias Christmas Market. There are also plenty of other cities where the magical atmosphere of Christmas is sustained by the Christmas Markets, such as Innsbruck, Graz, Salzburg and Linz. Belgium is another country which celebrates Christmas by organizing Christmas Markets in some of the greatest cities in the country. The smell of traditional Christmas food and the beautiful coloured Christmas trees attract the visitors to Christmas Markets in Belgium. Some of the most famous Markets exposed for Christmas Holidays in Belgium are in A... ...er cultures.In the exsert few years, the Christmas Markets became popular in the USA as well, so that today you can enjoy the wonderful celebrations of Christmas at Christmas Markets in USA, whe re you will be delighted by beautiful music, tasty food and lots of entertainment.Canada is least famous for its Christmas Markets, yet it owns some. In the last few years, Christmas Markets flourished in Toronto, Vancouver, Quebec and other regions in Canada. People can find wonderful Christmas themed presents to buy from these Markets.The magical atmosphere of Christmas is flourishing with these very special and wonderful Christmas Markets around the world, where people can enjoy the beautiful Christmas Carols, huge Christmas Trees, amazing decorations and lights, tasty food delicacies for Christmas, as well as unique Christmas gifts that they can buy from the Markets.

Benito Mussolini :: essays research papers

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini was the founder of Italian Fascism and premier ofItaly ruling as a dictator from about 1925 until his paper bag in 1943.Mussolini was born to a socialist blacksmith. As a child he was unruly andundisciplined. He shared his fathers views picking up other ideas from authorsof the time. Mussolini became a schoolteacher and journalist. He spent severalyears in Switzerland and took Rachele Guidi as is wife, they had five children.In 1913 Mussolini became editor of the Milan Socialist newspaper AvantiWhen World War 1 began in 1914 he first opposed Italys involvement, until hechanged his mind, saying that Italy should take a stand with the Allies. Thisgot him expelled from the socialist party. He short founded his own paper, Ilpopolo ditalia, which became the moxie of his Fascist movement. He thenserved in the Army until he was wounded in 1917.In 1919 Mussolini and some other war veterans founded a nationalistic extremist group called the Fasci di Combat timento. His movement turned intopowerful radicalism, obtaining support from landowners in the Po valley,industrialists, and many army officers. Fascist blackshirt squads carried oncivil war with Socialists, Communists, Catholics, and Liberals.In October 1922 Mussolini secured license from King Victor Emmanuellll to form a coalition government. In 1925-26, after a lengthy crisis with theparliament following the killing of the Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti, heimposed a Totalarian Dictatorship. His Corperative State came to terms withItalian Capitalism but abolished the free trade unions. In 1929 he endedconflict with the church by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.In the 1930s Mussolini turned to an aggressive foreign policy,conquering Ethiopia(1935-36) and helping General Francisco Franco in the SpanishCivil War. In 1936 he joined with Hitlers Germany and soon formed a militaryalliance(1939). In 1939 Mussolini ordered his armies to occupy Albania. Howeverhe kept out of World War ll u ntil 1940, when the fall of France was imminent andthe Germans seemed to be winning the war.After a series of Italian military disasters in Greece and NorthAfrica, the leaders of his party abandoned him. The king dismissed him on July25,1943 and had him arrested. On September 12 the Germans rescued him, makinghim puppet head of a government in northern Italy. In April 1945 Mussolini and

Escaping the Responsibility in Society :: Essays Papers

Escaping the Responsibility in Society James Joyce wrote a collection of short stories titled Dubliners. Joyce wrote these stories in the nineteen hundreds to show how people frequently felt during the hard time after the Famine. The characters break from their avouch responsibilities in purchase order. James Joyce uses the theme of escape throughout three stories in Dubliners, An Encounter, Eveline, and The Dead. In An Encounter, the boys escape school but encounter a responsibility to attend that day. As well Eveline feels that she has to escape Dublin but believes she has a duty to keep. The Dead, Gabriel escapes his responsibility to be there for his wife Gretta, when she is in a time of need. However, in these stories, the characters escape their responsibility. In all of the short stories, each story shows the characters escaping order with their responsibilities through their own type of work. In each story, characters strive to escape the re sponsibility of work or duty. For example, in An Encounter, Leo Dillon and a child name Mahony planned a days miching (13). This shows how they plan on getting away from the society of Dublin and escaping school. They have a responsibility to attend school that day, however, with them not creation there they have to consider the fact of getting caught there are choices and consequences in life. There responsibility is to be present at school, however, they escape society and have to deal with the consequences. Another way that the boys escape society by way of their responsibilities is when they read absurd books in class. The teacher asks, Is this what you read instead of poring over your Roman History? ... Im surprised at boys like you, educated, reading such stuff (12). They are escaping again from society, their responsibilities of school work and, the standards of expectations from their teacher. They have no desire to listen to what is going on in class but rather t ry to escape the society through reading their comic books. However, this escaping through responsibilities is connected to the story of Eveline. Eveline has made a promise to her mother and does not know if she can keep it because of her wanting to get away from society and move to Buenos Ayes with Frank.

The Debate of Animal Testing in Laboratories Essay -- Science Experime

The Debate of Animal Testing in LaboratoriesDebating over the animal rights movement has raised questions and matchs for many an(prenominal) years. Although animal research has been the ca rehearse of many medical breakthroughs, is it morally and ethically right to put animals in these kinds of situations? This is one of the underlying questions that must be solved before it is too late. There has already been too much violence and harm caused by the opposing views of this argument. Shouts of protests and riots are heard on the streets, labs and medical equipment are being burned and destroyed and not guilty animals are left hanging in the wake. While animal rights organizations fight for more kinder, gentler ways to treat animals, animal research advocates strongly believe that animals open the key to curing and ailing diseases. Two sides to pro activists include both animal rights advocates and animal welfare advocates. Animal rights means that animals are not ours to us e for food, clothing, entertainment, or experimentation. Animal welfare, on the other hand, permits these uses of animals as vast as certain humane guidelines are enforced (Frequently). Some people believe the concern for animals is a waste of time when there are so many humans in need. Pro activists, however, argue that humans and animals are equally important and both deserve attention. This is a problem that concerns everyone in the world. We, as humans, depend on animals for many things such as food and clothing, so where and when will this feud end? There must be a compromise, but it is up to us to find the solution to this overwhelming problem.Animal rights activists contribute to the first seat on this issue. They believe that animals sho... ...r the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. It is therefore concluded, from this scripture and research, that animal testing is permissible as long as it is in our best inter est and no additional harm is done. Abraham Lincoln summarized my point of view when he said, I am in estimate of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being (Practical Issues). There will hopefully come a day when all the controversy can be set aside and people come together for the sake of the animals. However, that is going to take much ride by both sides and cannot be solved in one day or by one alternative. It is going to take time, effort, and most of all compassion. It is our trading as humans to unite and care for all creatures that God created. Only on that day will animals be truly safe and content.

The Debate of Animal Testing in Laboratories Essay -- Science Experime

The Debate of Animal Testing in LaboratoriesDebating over the animal rights movement has raised questions and continues for umpteen years. Although animal research has been the ca workout of many medical breakthroughs, is it morally and ethically right to put animals in these kinds of situations? This is one of the underlying questions that must be solved before it is too late. There has already been too much violence and harm caused by the opposing views of this argument. Shouts of protests and riots are heard on the streets, labs and medical equipment are being burned and destroyed and unobjectionable animals are left hanging in the wake. While animal rights organizations fight for more kinder, gentler ways to treat animals, animal research advocates strongly believe that animals open the key to curing and ailing diseases. Two sides to pro activists include both animal rights advocates and animal welfare advocates. Animal rights means that animals are not ours to use for food, clothing, entertainment, or experimentation. Animal welfare, on the other hand, permits these uses of animals as tenacious as certain humane guidelines are enforced (Frequently). Some people believe the concern for animals is a waste of time when there are so many humans in need. Pro activists, however, argue that humans and animals are equally distinguished and both deserve attention. This is a problem that concerns everyone in the world. We, as humans, depend on animals for many things such as food and clothing, so where and when will this dissension end? There must be a compromise, but it is up to us to find the solution to this overwhelming problem.Animal rights activists contribute to the first flummox on this issue. They believe that animals sho... ...r the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. It is therefore concluded, from this scripture and research, that animal testing is permissible as long as it is in o ur best interest and no additional harm is done. Abraham Lincoln summarized my point of view when he said, I am in raise of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being (Practical Issues). There will hopefully come a day when all the controversy can be set aside and people come together for the sake of the animals. However, that is going to take much crusade by both sides and cannot be solved in one day or by one alternative. It is going to take time, effort, and most of all compassion. It is our province as humans to unite and care for all creatures that God created. Only on that day will animals be truly safe and content.

Love is Like Water Essay

Love is Like Water, We can Fall in it, We can Drown in it, But we cant Live Without itMen atomic number 18 born inferior to wo workforce. Now Im Sure there are many men who disagree, however it is a scientific fact. Any person born with the y chromosome is born inferior. The conflicting views of men and women have been questioned and debated for centuries. For many years it is said that the male species are superior to women. It wasnt until August 18, 1940 men deemed women smart enough to vote and have our own political voice. Men have al modalitys been the dominant species in most anything in society. It wasnt until new- do studies that show women actually have higher IQs then men. It is entrustd that juggling family life and building a career on top of that has made women smarter.In humans Women and men brains are just wired differently. Men differ from women with their emotions, their affection and also their communication skills. Women are said to be to a greater extent emot ional than men The fact of the matter women do actually communicate with through emotions and intimacy. Research shows that women use language as a way to honour and develop relationships. Women take to the woods to react more emotionally than men, resulting in submerging themselves, (mind body and soul) into making decisions. For example, women often ask there signficant early(a) are you auditory sense and the man replies yes honey Im listening and then we reply what did I just say Its because women feed off of body language.We believe that if your non looking at us, youre not listening. Men see women as slight competent to making decisions that involve a lot of thought, and this is due to womens emotions. Which is probably why a women have never been elected to be president. Women are just more emotional when it comes to, Movies, relationships, and everyday life trials and tribulations. Women use linguistic communication to start and continue a relationship with a person th ey find special and close to their heart. They focus more on what they say and do when conversing, which explains why they also find listening an important part in a conversation. Those are the causes that affect women more then men. The difference of emotion is mostly discover during the midst of a relationship, when a woman seems to not be understood by men and vice versa. Men on the other hand impetuously react to situations for the sake of having a reason to do so. Men tend to simplify their communication in times ofhardship, they do not express themselves they way women do.Many women believe that men are very simple minded with no knowledge of anything, and dont care about anything. In reality most men can communicate and their patterns for thinking are based on logic and reasoning. Men communicate as a way of male monarch rather than as a way of reaching out to another person. For men, conversation is the way you negotiate your status in the world and keep raft from pushing you around. They use their communication skills to preserve their independence. Men tend to think that it is logical to state how important their lives are so that they would rise above other men and be seen as the Alpha Male. During a conversation, body language seems to play a much smaller role for men. Men tend to be less skilled at using body language to influence communication without seeming to be doing so. The males brain has a greater mass and more gray matter, which leads to a higher ability to process information as facts instead of their emotions like women. Women show affection in a lot of ways. Women show their affection by physical touch, holding hands, giving hugs, or rubbing our significant others back. Some women do it by state nice things. Some do it by giving gifts.Other women may show their affection by cooking you tasty dinners. on that point are a lot of ways to show affection, and no two women show it in exactly the same way. Actions speak louder than words is actually more than a clich, its truer of men than it is for women in regard to how they show affection. men are more likely to show affection in unspoken ways through actions. There is less subtlety with men. When a guy cares about you, he is likely to find ways to spend time with you, whether enjoying your company or sharing activities such as movies, bowling, miniature golf etc. When a man cares about a women he wants to show her off. studies show that, even if a man is not particularly confident, he will try to engage in physical intimacy with the one he loves and cares deeply about. Women relationships focus on making connections chew out is crucial to this process. Sharing secrets, relating experiences, revealing problems and discussing options are essential during a womans development.Women generally take another approach to relationships. Their mate is not less profound, its just different. focusing on activities rather than conversation. Men believe communication shoul d have a crystal clear purpose. Every conversation is chew over be problem solving or a point that needs to be made. Communicationis used to get to the root of the an issue as efficiently as possible. Women uses communication to discover how she is feeling and what it is she wants to say. She sees conversation as an act of sharing and an opportunity to increase intimacy with her partner. A women tries to dispose negative feelings to tone up her bond with the man she loves. Although there are many diffrences between men and women. For the most part, men and women use, and prefer, the same ways of comforting their partner.

Punishment Versus Rehabilitation

Punishment vs. Rehabilitation Brenda A. Dove AJS/502 Version I folk 10, 2012 John V. Baiamonte, Jr. Ph. D. Punishment vs. Rehabilitation Punishment versus Rehabilitation, there has been many meditates on the effectiveness of punishment compared to the effectiveness of rehabilitation of convicted offenders in prison and under community supervision. If an individual commits a crime serious enough to warrant incarceration, wherefore the individual is sent to prison as a form of punishment.While incarcerated the individual may have the opportunity to receive rehabilitation. Does it mean that the individual will be rehabilitated? One can only imagine. This is a debatable issue. Is punishment or rehabilitation more effective in combating crime? These findings will be discussed in this paper in more depth. According to DeLuca, Miller, and Wiedemann (1991), Some prison facilities use punishment as the main forward motion, such as Texas. Massachusetts and Connecticut focusing rehabilitat ion, and some facilities use punishment and rehabilitation, such as Michigan.There is currently no prison facility that focuses on incarceration as a short flow of punishment followed by a long period of community-based rehabilitation and strict supervision (para. 6). Rehabilitation wants to educate individuals about the wrong choices that they have made and table service encourage these individuals to make better choices in the future. Rehabilitation recognizes that offenders may be victims of social economic conditions, and wants to help offenders learn from their mistakes, with the intention of not committing crimes when they get released.According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), Meta-analysis is the ingest of other studies, and in this case, the studies test the effectiveness of various programs of correctional treatment. Advocates of rehabilitation believe that meta-analysis can be used to supply deposits of prior search, to reveal cloak-and-dagger veins of effective treatment not necessarily revealed by individual studies (para. 2). According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), Each study is coded on a number of variables such as characteristics of the query design, characteristics of the subjects studied, and haracteristics of the treatment applied. In theory, by combining and reanalyzing studies, meta-analysis may be able to separate treatment effects from differences due to uncontrolled characteristics of the subjects, or other deficiencies of look into design, even if those sources of error were not controlled adequately by any of the primary studies taken separately (para. 3). According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), It may not be worthwhile to debate whether meta-analysis or other research has identified what works by way of pris wizardr rehabilitation.Engaging in such debate presupposes that effectiveness, or utility, is the crucial issue in discussing the value of rehabilitation in the criminal legal expert system generally and inside prisons in particula r. Underlying the zeal with which meta-analysts claim to have proved scientifically that something works after all is the implicit argument that because rehabilitation can be made more scientific it is therefore both a possible and a desirable alternative to punishment (para. 4).According to Logan, and Gaes (1993), The meta-analysts believe that we turned away from treatment and toward punishment because Martinson and others convinced everyone that nothing works therefore, convincing people of the antagonist should help to turn them back in the proper policy direction (para. 5). According to Rhine, Smith, and Jackson (1991), In 1974, Robert Martinson published What workingsQuestions and Answers about Prison Reform, an article describing research on the effectiveness of correctional treatment.Martinson made several key catchs about a massive review of research on correctional treatment. His first point was that the research showed that there was not much good news about rehabilit ative programs. Some programs worked, but they were few and far between (para. 1). The second point, which was by and large ignored, was that the quality of the program implementation and research was so poor that it was hard to draw many strong conclusions. The nuances of his findings were lost, and the research was presented as showing that correctional treatment programs did not work at rehabilitating criminal offenders.The infamous sound bite that emerged from this was that Nothing Works when it comes to rehabilitation (para. 3). In fact, the actual results said no one approach works with everybody. Despite the fact that the sound bite was an exaggeration, the message carried great influence in legislative and public policy debates and actions. The Nothing Works message swept the political and public policy arenas and correctional programs and practice. Rehabilitation programs and services were greatly reduced from the correctional landscape (para. ). This belief indicated that if offenders could not be rehabilitated then they should be punished and it was time to get tough on crime. Within a relatively short time parole was attacked and the individual approach of indeterminate sentencing, or release by the authority of a parole board was abolished in 16 states (Rhine, Smith, and Jackson, 1991) and some form of determinate sentencing was adopted in all 50 states (Mackenzie, 2000). According to Department of Corrections, (n. d. ), However, not all hope was lost.A small number of vocal critics of the nothing works doctrine actively challenged the assumptions and existential evidence presented by Martinson and colleagues. Foremost in this debate were a number of North American researchers, including Ted Palmer, Paul Gendreau, Don Andrews and Robert Ross. At the same time as Martinson was announcing that very few things had any effect on recidivism, Palmer (1975) was reanalyzing the same data and finding that more things worked than the original analysis show ed (this position was also supported by Thorntons (1987) reanalysis of a selection of studies used by Lipton and co-workers in 1975).Similarly, Gendreau and Ross (1979) and Ross and Gendreau (1980) were reporting on research that documented positive outcomes, directly countering the argument that nothing worked. possibly the most damaging blow to the nothing works position was delivered by Robert Martinson himself. In 1979 he wrote a paper which acknowledged errors in the earlier reviews and account on a number of new studies which demonstrated that some things did work. On the basis of substantial contradictory evidence, Martinson recanted the nothing works statements made in his 1974 article (para. ). incarceration is for those offenders that have broken the law and as a result they have received imprisonment. It punishes offenders for what they have done wrong and acknowledges the victim by giving them justice for the wrong that has been committed against them by the offender. Incarceration allows the offender to be confined and take some form of initiative to seek help and learn how to transform their behavior. If an offender wants to change their sustenance around, they can seek the necessary resources to make those changes. Offenders have to want to change their lives around.If offenders do it simply because they are made to do so then, they will eventually be back in prison. It is about changing the mindset and making a decision to turn away from erroneousness and make the office decision to make positive choices. Punishment is more effective in combating crime. It helps offenders to understand what they have done wrong and accept right and responsibility for their behavior. Punishment is a constructive endeavor, not a destructive endeavor. Punishment is a positive good rather than a negative evil. It requires the right people with the right attitudes.If prison officials are hostile, cruel, and inappropriate towards inmates, it defeats the purpos e. Prison officials need to be professional and firm but respectful towards inmates. If inmates are not interact fairly in prison, they will find it hard to understand that it is fair for them to be incarcerated in the first place. In order for inmates to accept their punishment they moldiness understand that it is just, not malicious. The duties and responsibilities of prisons are to manage and handle their facilities to the best of their ability.In closing, it is not the responsibility of prisons to reform, rehabilitate, or reintegrate offenders into society. Each inmate needs to be amenable for their own wellbeing, social correction, and their future conduct. While it may not be an easy task for any inmate, they have to make the decision to change their life around. It has to be there decision no one can do it for them. They must have the right mindset and be willing to make changes for the better. References breast of Justice Assistance. (n. d. ). Nothing Works, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, https//www. bja. gov/Publications/APPA_PSN. df Department of Corrections. (n. d. ). Historical Background The What Works? Debate, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, http//www. corrections. govt. nz/research/the-effectiveness-of-correctional-treatment/historical-background. html Federal dresser of Prisons. (1993). Meta-Analysis Rehabilitation of Punishment, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from, http//www. bop. gov/news/research_projects/published_reports/cond_envir/oreprlogangaes. pdf National Criminal Justice Reference Service. (1991). Punishment vs. Rehabilitation A proposal for revising sentencing practices, Retrieved on September 10, 2012, from,

A Case of Digital Divide in Bangladesh Essay

A case of digital depart in Bangladesh Anisur Rahman Senior Asst. Director and Head Library and education Division Northern University Bangladesh Anisur Rahman, Access to Global InformationA case of Digital Divide in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the IATUL Conferences. Paper 25. http//docs. lib. purdue. edu/iatul/2007/papers/25 This catalogue has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubspurdue. edu for additional tuition.Access to Global InformationA case of Digital Divide in Bangladesh Md. Anisur Rahman Senior Asst. Director and Head Library and Information Division Northern University Bangladesh 3/18 Iqbal Road, Asad Avenue Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207 Bangladesh Email anisdaccagmail. com Abstract. ICTs can quail chat costs and come off down geographical borders. In the developed nations government policies are being established which attempt to ensure that all citizens lead get the opportunity to opening the ef fective use of ICTs in order to enable them to participate in the educational, social and economic activities and democratic processes.Developed countries are getting much reach from the advancement of ICTs. There is digital divide between developed and developing countries. The term digital divide has been employ to the spreading that exists in most countries between those with ready access to the tools of ICTs, and those without such access or skills. In other words, it is the gap between the develops and the have nots. The digital divide around the world is usually measured through statistical indices such as the number of telephone lines, personal computers, websites and net income users and their ratio to the total population.This paper reviews the papers on issues related to digital divide that are affecting so many citizen in developing countries especially in Bangladesh and the factors that alienate people from enjoying the benefits of ICTs. The author recommends possib le strategies that can be implemented in developing countries to reverse the widening gap of digital divide. Keywords Digital divide, ICT, Internet, Bangladesh 1. Introduction Computers, modern telecommunication and the Internet all reduce communication costs and break down geographical borders.Information and communication technologies serve as powerful tools for empowering people, benefit business and virtually link people around the world to share their views, ideas and innovation. 2. Concept of Information Technology Information technology straightaway handles information in every conceivable form, whether music, video, graphics, speech, data, text. It also embraces an increasing range of technologies. Information technology is the use of modern technology to aid the contract, processing, storage and retrieval, and communication of information, whether in the form of numerical data, text, sound, or image.IT has a great impact on the societies. IT has impact on employment, educ ation and training, commerce, at home, arts (music, animation and visual effects, writing, games), and all aspects of public administration and national defense. 3. Digitization The globalization and localization of information and cultural values are basically predicated on digital technology. The institution of e-mail and the WWW leading to digital transmission 1 is the certainly the second digital revolution. Digital scanners and cameras can now be used to capture digital images for importation into computer systems.In the current information revolution, almost everything is digital TV, radio, air-conditioned, cars, airplane, refrigerators, industrial plants and telecommunication systems. 4. Digital divide This digital revolution has created a brand new economic sector that simply did not exist before. Computers, modern telecommunication and the Internet all reduce communication costs and break down geographical borders. In addition, ICT can be an important driver in poverty re duction and assure sustained conomic growth, better public welfare, and powerful social solidity and democratic forms of government. In the developed nations government policies are being established which attempts to ensure that all citizens will get opportunity to access the effective use of ICTs in order to enable them to participate in the educational, social and economic activities and democratic process. Developed countries are getting much benefit from the advancement of ICT. So, there is a digital divide between developed and developing countries.The concept of the digital divide has been used to highlight difference in electronic access to information based on economic, race, ethnic or social group and/or geographical location. The term digital divide has been applied to the gap that exists in most countries between those with ready access to the tools of ICTs, and those without such access or skills. It is a gap, which tends to deepen, is produced between those individual s that can access new information and communication tools such as phones, TV sets or the Internet, and those who are too poor to get them between the haves and the have nots (de Munster, 2004).Population residing in developing countries or in low-income countries may be unable to gain access to IT because of the inability to purchase the required equipment, Internet provider service or other necessary resources. It may not be possible to bridge the divide, but it is important to prevent it from deepening, as a minimum, and to attempt to narrow it as much as possible. According to Reuters reports at Berlin on Wednesday, April 26, 2006 the digital divide is narrowing as citizens in emerging markets get online via computers and mobile phones, with virtually regions now on a par with developed nations (Reuters, 2006).Peter korsten, European director at IBMs Institute for Business value said at bottom China and India, regions like Shanghai and Bangalore have almost the same level of In ternet and mobile phone connections as developed nations (Reuters, 2006). 5. ICT status in Bangladesh The ICT status of Bangladesh is not remarkable without some favorable initiatives by the Government and by private entrepreneurs. Computer use in Bangladesh started with a mainframe computer in 1964.

Plastic Pollution and Measures to Control

Pollution caused by credit card CONTENTS 1. Aim 2. Introduction 3. What is tensile? 4. Environ workforcetal hazards caused by plastic 5. Measures to control pollution 6. Industries that produce plastic in India 7. Importance Of waxy Industry Toward Economic Growth 8. Ban On Plastics In India 9. personify Benefit Analysis 10. Conclusion 11. References varlet 3 Pollution caused by plastic AIM To make a comparative study of plastics and its effect on the environment. To analyze and understand the importance of introducing effective measures to control pollution.INTRODUCTION Plastics engender become a necessary commodity in todays bena. Everyone knowingly or unknowingly uses plastic substances. Karki (2008) discusses that plastic is used non only for making plastic bags but similarly for producing products that cover parts of vehicles that need to be protected. Karki (2008) reveals that plastics ar unreal substances that are the outcome of chemical reactions. It is a non-biod egradable substance that takes more than 100 years to disperse. It poses a threat to humans and animals.Once plastic materials are dispose off into the environment they end up in our waters ways, beaches and larger water bo locomotes, thus harming our aquatic life. If plastic materials is burnt it releases toxic fumes into the atmosphere causing air pollution. Over the years plastic has become a substitute for packaging materials such as paper bags or c viewh bags generally due to its low represent as well as the ease involved in the manufacturing process, weight and availability (Karki, 2008). PLASTIC Plastic are synthetic substance made from chemical reaction. Plastics are made from petroleum.Plastic are polymers that consist of monomers linked by chemical bonds. These monomers are petrochemical substances that are not biodegradable. Page 4 Pollution caused by plastic ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS CAUSED BY PLASTIC Although there are various sources that lead to different types of p ollution we are concentrating mainly on plastic materials as a pollutant. Based on the above information we know that plastic is a hazardous commodity that leads to land, water and air pollution. Although curtly explained above lets now go in-depth and understand how plastic walk outs land, water as well as air pollution. LAND POLLUTIONPlastic substances are used by some around the world and in a developing country with a huge population same(p) India, the use of such materials is bound to be more. Since a lot of people use plastics for their day to day activities, the disposal of plastic products will similarly be high and to be honest a lot of us throw plastic bags or containers on the road. This leads to land pollution. So what is land pollution? Encyclopedia Britanica (Land Pollution, 2010) describes land pollution as the addition of unwished materials that pose a threat to the organisms, decrease the soils fertility and have an adverse effect on the health of human world .Animals die due to plastic substances by simply consuming them, the plastic gets clogged in their bodies and ultimately results in the termination of these few animals. Further on, the collection of these materials gives an untidy and dirty look to the area. These materials pay back their way to our water systems and larger water bodies leading to water pollution. WATER POLLUTION Encyclopedia Britannica (Water Pollution, 2010). Most of the water pollution resulting from plastic is generated from land. 60% to 80% of water pollution is from plastic litter . Once in the water these materials pose a serious threat to our aquatic life.Fish, sea turtles and other aquatic inhabitants can get entangled in plastic materials and can inflict serious pain, injury and even death. Marine organisms that have been killed by plastic substances decompose fast, but the plastic that kills them takes a long magazine to decompose, thus increasing the risk of other marine life consuming the same materi al, resulting in its death Encyclopedia Britanica (Water Pollution, Page 5 Pollution caused by plastic 2010). In a real case scenario a whale in Europe was assemble dead and its autopsy results show that its stomach was filled with plastic materials. AIR POLLUTIONAccording to the World Health Organisation about two million people die every year due to air pollution, many suffer from heart diseases, lung deceases and some even cancer. There are various sources of air pollution like carbon dioxide, combustion of fuels in vehicles, fuels from jets, toxic elements from factories etc. Plastics also gift to air pollution. Plastics that are found on the road or even dump sites are burnt therefore releasing toxic fumes into the atmosphere, polluting the air. When persons are exposed to the polluted atmosphere they contact various diseases that could ultimately lead to their death.MEASURES TO look POLLUTION Hanh (1992) Plastic is a bane to our existence on this earth. It pollutes the atm osphere with its harmful fumes, poses a serious threat to our marine life and apart from this it also creates litter, making the place look dirty. With the above evidence we can boldly enjoin that Hanhs literature is true. There are various measures that can be undertaken to reduce plastic pollution but we would be focusing only on three criteria namely 1. cycle of Plastic 2. Government policies 3. Personal measures. cycle OF PLASTICSNair (2010) reveals that around 10,000 types of plastics are used in the manufacture of various products such as pet bottles, toys and even clothes. This in turn result in these materials being dumped around at public places and become waste which as we all know has a negative impact on the environment and all its content because of its non-degradable substances . Hence, recycling of plastic materials was introduced. So what is plastic recycling? The act of producing new products from waste plastic materials is plastic recycling. (Nair, 2010). Lets now look into Page 6 Pollution caused by plastic the benefits of recycling plastic.Petroleum is used in the manufacturing of plastic. Hence, if plastic is recycled, consumption of petroleum a resource which is slowly depleting, will also be decreased (Nair, 2010). Since petroleum is a key ingredient in the manufacture of plastic, when burnt greenhouse gasses are released into the atmosphere. Hence, if plastic is recycled it will lead to a decrease in the level of greenhouse gasses emitted into the atmosphere. Nair (2010) gives us another beneficial factor in the recycling of plastic is there will be a decrease in animals, birds and aquatic life dying due to plastic not being digested.Further on if plastic is recycled landfill space can be saved. Recycling one ton of plastic saves energy that is used by two humans in twelve months and also water that a single individual consumes in two months and saves two hundred pounds of petroleum (Nair, 2010). Having now understood the importanc e of recycling plastic lets try to make this world a better place by implementing this concept at home. GOVERNMENT POLICIES Many countries have banned the use of plastic. In India many states have do the same depending on their height and thickness namely Goa, Maharashtra, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan and some others.For example Goa has increased the minimum thickness of plastic carry bags to 40 microns. Public sentiency programs have been conducted to educate individuals on effective ways of disposing of plastic materials. On 29th January 2010, the supreme court denied a plea to lift the ban on the use of plastic bags by the All India Plastic Manufacturers Association. This shows the seriousness of the government in making the environment a greener place not only for us but also for the generations to come. But do these bans really work?For example three years ago West Bengal banned the use of plastic bags which were slight than 40 microns thick, but this rule was clearly violated i n markets, streets and other public places as plastic bags were being used. To tackle this nuisance they reconstructed their plastic management committee last month. Assam faced similar problems as not much was through with(p) to ensure that plastic bags were not used. Now the Government is passing play to take various steps to ensure that plastic bags are not used at all. These steps include monitoring shop keepers and business men who have not been abidingPage 7 Pollution caused by plastic by the law. They would also impose a penalty which could be a fine not only on the retailer but also on the customer. In Delhi a huge amount of plastic bags were seized from shop keepers and have initiated a say no to Plastic Bags campaign. To prove their seriousness towards the ban they penalized Bata footwear with a fine of one lakh rupees. Rajasthan is the newest state to join the clan after ban the use of plastic bags on August 1st, 2010. They also revealed that offender would be fined on e lakh and/ or five years in jail.PERSONAL MEASURES Individuals should also contribute towards the elimination of plastic as it us and other living organisms around us who ultimately suffer. Hanh (1992) We can start by refusing to take plastic bags from grocers, because if this is done then plastic manufacturers would reduce the amount of plastic bags they produce. In todays world many people do not have time to cook meals so they resort to ordering their meals from restaurants, who pack their food in plastic containers, these restaurants should start using sustainable containers, similarly with beverages.People who use items like Tupper product products should substitute it with a degradable substance. Public can also educate retailers about the dangers about plastic and encourage them to change their practices (Hanh, 1992). And finally we can start by eliminating the use of plastic in our own house, work place, school/college etc. INDUSTRIES THAT PRODUCE PLASTICS IN INDIA India is one of the countries that consume more plastics in the world. India ranks third in consumption of plastic. Growth of plastic industry is more than 14%. Petrochemical department in India is in process to setup development council for plastic manufacturing industries. 00% foreign lineal investment is allowed in plastic processing and manufacturing industry. Industries like Finolex industries ltd, Plastiblends India ltd, AGA group international, Corporate resource group, ACRY plus (Matias, 2010) etc are some of the industries that produce plastics products in India. There are many international companies that manufacture plastics in India they are GE plastic, LG polymers, Bayer ABS, Compounding, Clariant etc These industries produce polymers, PVC pipes, plastic sheets, polycarbonate sheets. Page 8 Pollution caused by plastic IMPORTANCE GROWTHAs India is a developing country its difficult for government to ban plastic usage with immediate effect. Plastic industry contributes more towar ds the evolution of the economy so its important for the government to take effective decision that doesnt affect the economy. Plastic industry has strong correlation with growth of the economy. Plastics have multiple advantages in its usage. It can be used in various range of applications. It has more favorable cost-benefit ratio. Continuous improvement in the engineering science of producing plastics has made the users addict to it. OF PLASTIC INDUSTRY TOWARD ECONOMIC BAN ON PLASTICS IN INDIAEven though the plastic manufacturing industry grow at more than 14 percentage state government have banned plastic that has below 20 microns. The Supreme Court has ordered ban on plastic in New Delhi, West Bengal pollution control board has banned manufacture, sale and use of plastic bags, Jammu Kashmir has also banned polythene carry bags, Himachal Pradesh government have banned plastic bags. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS In cost-benefit epitome, money is used to measure private, external and so cial cost. Private costs are the cost that the firm earns as profit, many large scale and small scale industries are involved in manufacturing of plastics.Plastics industry have growth rate of more than 14 percentage. This shows how much growth potential plastic industry has in India. External costs here are costs that are lost by the firms, farmers because of plastic pollution. The social cost that is equal to the private and external costs. The total cost to clean the river Ganga basin only contributes to 15000 crores. There are different types of costs-benefit analysis like Economic cost benefit analysis, expenditure cost analysis, cost-efficient analysis. Cost-benefit analysis can provide information about to use or not to use the resources.Page 9 Pollution caused by plastic CONCLUSION The study reveals about the growth that plastic industries have and pollution caused by the industries. Government must(prenominal) take effective measure that to recycle plastics and make sure i t doesnt affect the environment. Plastic industries in India are providing many job opportunities, but it also affect the environment, recycling plastic has to be done. Industries or organization must take effective measure to recycle plastics and make sure that it doesnt affect the environment.New technologies must be invented as an alternative use for plastic as petroleum is used in manufacturing plastic. Page 10 Pollution caused by plasticREFERENCES Karki, K. (2008). Plastic as a Source of Environmental Pollution What is The Sollution? http//www. articlesbase. com/plastic-surgeries-articles/plastic-as-a-source-of-environmental-pollution-whatis-the-solution-610752. html Plastic Pollution. (2010). Encyclopedia Britannica. Hanh, T. Peace Is Every Step (1992, p. 108) Nair, S. (2010). Benefits of Recycling Plastic.

How did the supernatural impacted Macbeth? Essay

The supernatural reflected the atmosphere and the beliefs of Scotland and much of Europe in the sixteenth century. Macbeth is a invoice that is completely engulfed with supernatural elements. It is more a supernatural story than it is drama. Madness, mayhem and horror are all words that best describe this play. Three dreaded witches, a floating dagger and tinctures are all supernatural elements that the proofreader finds in Macbeth. Most importantly, these elements are major causes of Macbeths path of ambition, murder cult and his last-ditch downfall. As the story progresses we obtain the supernatural events form location starting from the witches cavern to Macbeths castle. All this shows that Macbeth is highly dependent and seduced by the supernatural.The opening scene of Macbeth begins with the deuce-ace witches meeting on the heath and describing the atmosphere, where Fair is foul, and foul is fair (Act 1 scene 1). This implies that what appears good is bad and what appea rs bad is good. It excessively shows that witches will become a central figure in setting the tone of the play which hovers through the fog and filthy air. Throughout the story, the witches prophesy and foreshadow every topic that will happen to Macbeth and what he will do. Macbeth will eventually come to them more and more to know what lies ahead for him in the future.From a heath near the forest, the witches give prophesy and the reader clues in what destiny lies for Macbeth. It is the witches who tell him that he will be Thane of Cawdor and shalt be King hereafter (Act 1 scene 3). Macbeth is shocked at this news considering the Thane of Cawdor is pacify alive at the time. This shows that Macbeth was not yet showing ambition or hunger for power but the witches had planted the seed that would lead to his eventual destruction. The witches as well prophesy in this scene that Macbeths friend and comrade Banquo will have sons who will claim the throne after Macbeth and be lesser tha n Macbeth and greater (Act 1 scene 2). This gives the clue that Macbeths line might be short-lived and that once he is gone there will be no more of his descendants on the throne.When Lady Macbeth learns of all this news through a letter sent by her conserve, she immediately sees a promising future but fears her husband istoo full of the milk of human kindness (Act 1 scene 5) to destroy those who lie in his path to ultimate power. It is Lady Macbeth who really triggers the reprehensible side of Macbeth. As the story progresses however, we see the tables turn as she becomes tormented by her own guilt while her husband kills without conscience.We do not see the witches again until the end of Act 3 when their leader, Hecate, is angry with them for telling Macbeth his future without her permission. In order to make amends she orders the witches to create more spells to give Macbeth overconfidence as you all know security is mortals chiefest enemy (Act 3 scene 5).Another supernatural e lement that Shakespeare uses in the play represents Macbeths guilt and beginning of his madness is through the floating daggers in Act 2, which occur in Macbeths own home whilst King Duncan was guest. Before Macbeth commits the murder of King Duncan, he sees a cover dragger that leads him to Duncans room. Macbeth questions if the dagger is real or a dagger of the mind, a false creation (Act 2 scene 1), in other words it is a hallucination. This dagger makes it so Macbeth cannot resist killing Duncan. It also brings the supernatural from outside to inside the castle.Shakespeare uses the influence of apparitions twice in his story. One of the apparitions is of the recently murdered Banquo. This touching visits Macbeth at the banquet right after Macbeth learns that Banquos death was successfully committed by one of the hired murders. Macbeth is shocked and badly shaken by this apparition and looks like a fool to his party guests. The dominating Lady Macbeth tries to calm him down and reassures the guests telling them Think of this, good peers, but as a thing of custom, tis no other, (Act 3 scene 4). This is a turning point in the story as it shows the beginning of Macbeths descent into Madness.Macbeth continues his obsessive dependence on the witches predictions as he once again in a cavern in Act 4. The witches conjure up three apparitions. The first is an armed head that tells Macbeth to heed Macduff Beware the Thane of Fife. The scond apparition is a bloody child that says that none ofwoman born shall harm Macbeth. The third is a child crowned with a corner in his hand that predicts Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him (Act 4 scene 1).All of these apparitions give Macbeth a superstar of overconfidence which ill-timed leads to his downfall. From these Macbeth comes to the conclusion that all men are born of women, so therefore he thinks that nobody can kill him. He also assumes that forest s cannot literally move, so that should not be a problem to him either. The story shows however, that the soldiers fighting against him camouflage themselves with boughs from trees looking like a moving forest, and that Macduff was from his mothers womb untimely ripped (Act 5 scene 8).From all these examples it can be seen that the supernatural has a great influence on Macbeths rise to power and his fall from power. We see that his maturation obsessive reliance on the witches prophesies causes him over confidence which leads to his ultimate demise. We also see Macbeth descend into evil and being seduced by the supernatural, by having supernatural events change location. All of these elements show the causes of Macbeths path of ambition, murder, madness and finally his total self-destruction.BibliographyMacbeth (William Shakespeare)Oxford companion to Shakespeare (Dobson)

Id, Ego and Superego in Literature Essay

Within Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, Marlow asserts that the mind of man is capable of anythingbecause e precisething is in it, all the aside as well as all the future (HOD 109.) As Marlow journeys deeper into the Congo he is forced to adapt to the jungle environ handst and in the process he begins to lose his understanding of societal rules and ideals. His psychological self is coerced into adapting to the rustic environment of the Congo hence disturbing the balance between his id, self and superswelled guide. William Goldings headmaster of the Flies similarly deals with this deteriorating awareness of societal standards in foreign environments, but does so with a group of young sons on an uninhabited island. Throughout Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and William Goldings Lord of the Flies Marlow, Kurtz and the boys clearly demonstrate the capacity of the human mind in reflection to the principles of Sigmund Freud according to his definition of the id, ego and superego.Read more Jack quotes lord of the flies essayIn Heart of Darkness, Marlow demonstrates the capability of the human mind as he makes his journey up the Congo River and adapts to the ferine environment that surrounds him. While adapting to his environment, Marlow begins to disregard societal standards and hence his psychological sense is altered in that Marlows ego and super ego subside in his overall nature, resorting to the pleasure principle that we now call the id. Marlows id begins to cease control of his personality and his inwrought instinctive nature is released. It is this dissymmetry of his psychological self which acts as an instigator for the evil found in him and all men. When Marlow states that Going up that river was like traveling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, (HOD 105) he is trying to depict his journey up the river as a representation of his discovery of the innate wickedness present in all mankind. The disappearance of Marlows super ego is imminent th roughout his journey up the Congo. The presence of authority, society, and civilized people begin to fade just as his concepts of right and rail at are lost as he journeys further on and thus the innate wickedness of man emerges. Marlows riskyry is the result of adaptation and the increment disproportion of his id to his ego and super ego.His disregarding of his ego and super ego can be seen when he says, but if you try to shout Ill smash your head withI will throttle you for good (HOD 148.) This statement confirms that Marlowis straying further from the ideals of society and shows that Marlows perceived self is making a transition from being civilized (superego) to becoming a savage (id.) When Marlow meets Kurtz, he finds a man that has totally thr protest off the restraints of his own ego/superego and has deteriorated into the primitive state of the id. thereof Kurtz serves as an excellent example of Marlows assertion in that he has forgotten society to such an extent that he does not even hatch his life in Europe.Kurtzs isolation in Africa as well as his unbelievable power over the natives corrupted him and drove him to condone abominable acts such as cannibalism and human sacrifice (destruction/Thanatos=pleasure for Kurtz.) In Heart of Darkness, Kurtzs last words depict his terror and his realization of his last(a) fate, The horror The horror (HOD 154) Kurtz realizes how far he has strayed from society, and finally admits to his evil acts in Africa. Hence, it was the imbalance of the characters psychological selves due to displacement from society (society gave them the sense of right and wrong) that caused the innate evil to reveal itself in the characters Marlow and Kurtz. The augmented id created a disproportion between the other counterparts of the psychological self and thus facilitated the intrinsically evil nature of all men including Marlow and Kurtz.In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, the boys are reduced to an instinctive and almost an imalistic state due to the lack of authority and society, as well as the need to adapt to a new primordial surrounding. The boys are stranded on an island by themselves and must adapt in order to assure their survival. When they graduation arrive the boys act in an orderly fashion, and begin the construction of a governmental system to parallel a functional society. This system is representative of the boys super egos. This system soon fails however, when the boys learn that they must revert to their animal instincts (id) in order to survive. This transition from being civilized to becoming savage is revealed in the book when the narrator states, They bumped Piggy, who was burnt and yelled and danced. Immediately, Ralph and the crowd of boys were united and relieved by a storm of laughter (LOTF 149.) This example simply depicts the commodious change that has occurred among the boys in that they further hurt Piggys burn wound on the account of carelessness while playing a savage li ke game.The fact thatnone of the children apologize for their acts further prove the transition of the boys from being civilized to becoming savage-like. The simple fact that a group of choirboys, who were worthy individuals, could change into savages that kill one another further proves Marlows assertion that the mind is capable of anything. At the end of Lord of the Flies, the boys come to realize the transformation of their initial choirboy natures when they are confronted with authority in the form of a naval officer. The narrator states that One of them came close to the officer and looked up. ImIm but there was no more to come (LOTF 201.)Percival has changed so much throughout his time on the island that he cannot even recall his own name. On the whole, three characters can be linked with each of the three psychodynamic principles Jack represents the id with his constant desire to hunt and kill (death drive,) Ralph represents the ego with his attempts to satisfy both sides o f his own mind and others on a greater level while keeping in touch with reality, and Piggy represents the superego by acting as the conscience for the group, maintaining the very principles that the boys have lost. If one were to look at this novel as an analysis of the individuals one would perhaps miss out on the greater picture. By cartel the characteristics and actions of all the characters you can really see the greater picture of what Freud describes in his theories.Both Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and William Goldings Lord of the Flies reverse characters that are changed from civilized beings, that are able to balance the urges of the id and constraints of the ego/superego, into savages. Within the novels the lack of authority and society as well as the presence of a primeval surrounding causes the innate evil within man to awaken. By removing societal pressures and surroundings, the instinctive id nature overpowers mans ego and super ego. This disturbance in counter poise causes the innate evil found in all people to manifest itself.Freuds conception of the human psyche illustrated that the majority of what we experience in our lives, the vestigial emotions, beliefs, feelings, and impulses are not available to us at a conscious level. He believed that most of what drives us is buried in our unconscious. Like mentioned above, these choirboys and sophisticated Europeans never imagined that they would beacting as they did when they reached their respective destinations. The immense unconscious id took over in many of the characters but when brought back into society returned to their previous balances.Books usedWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies, published in 1959 by Perigee TradeJoseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, published in 1997 by Mass Market Paperback

French Cinema

French Cinema Scene analysis The mount from the movie Rules of The mettlesome by Jean Renoir shows many television camera techniques and uses the camera to clench the true meaning of the screen. I will be discussing and analyzing the scene. The fool beautifully demonstrates the use of little shots and perfectly exe pareed scenes. Throughout the scene of The Rules of the Game the camera is handle another person in the room. It is invisible and wanders throughout the building almost like it is someone following what is happening.This makes for an interesting and new perception never seen before by film viewers. At one point in the scene the camera gets trapped and has to zoom out as though it is being caught. A huge with the presence of the camera you can notice rack revolve arounding, the lighting is obviously controlled. The scene begins with a near foreground and pans out to far background as they move throughout the building. One of the greatest aspects of the scene and the film is the incredibly long takes and long shots.This allowed us to be able to grasp whatever we wanted to see in every shot. Jean Renoir used montage editing this gave the listening the freedom to choose what they wanted to see within the scene. The viewers are able to edit their own idea of the shot. As the scene progresses the camera moves weightlessly with the focus on the foreground while the two in the background escape through a door. The use of separation from the hallway to the main room acts as a sort of barrier between shots.Although on take it feels as though it is separated into two. The primary focus of this shot is to establish the idea that Schumacher is expression for Saint-Aubin. The concept is that the viewer needs to choose who to look at. It forces the viewer to be crossed between the main focus and the deep focus. There is no cut of the camera which would cause all prior viewer attention to be diminished. Because of the fluid camera movement it makes for a re alization of what is going on in the background. The final concept is the montage that Jean Renoir uses.The faint light hearted piano music adds to an overall mood and feeling of the shot. For the most part the movie could be seen as dreary but this scene adds an almost lighthearted tone as they move from the conversation in the hallway to the bigger room. Overall the film scene is a masterpiece in that the camera moves in such a way that allows the viewer to feel like you are right in the action. With All the techniques put into this particular shot you can clearly see that this is one of the greatest films ever made.

Clive Robertson vs Hal Niedzviecki Essay

There are stemmas between Clive Robertson and Hal Niedzviecki. One is public lecture about how cunningist-Run Centre potful run better and it should be continue with younger workman in this century and one is talking about the Art bureaucratism is ruining artists creativity and decisions. The following essay will be cryptic discuss each writers point of view and the ambitions of art. In Clive Robertsons essay, Policy Matters Administrations of Art and Culture, through InFest International Artist Run Culture, it was held in Vancouver in 2004.He discussed the Canadian artists where they held artist space, artist-run centre or artist events during the past and present. Clive said, The manifestations of the artist-run culture movement in Canada has been widespread and enduring for many a(prenominal) reasons aside from its existence within a particular conjuncture of nation-building through state funding. (Clive 3) Artist-Run Culture was very alert during the sixties and seventie s, thats why Clive said the art culture movement has been widespread. Clive also discussed what claims to be contemporary art in the essay.Talking about artist-run culture, many people must be confused what that is. For myself, I didnt know the differences between public gallery, commercial gallery or what artist-run centre is if I run through a gallery on the street because the gallery is commonly respectable showing the works. After a deep thought, I realized there are differences between incompatible galleries. Public gallery is exchangeable AGO, though you privation to pay the admission fee to go in, its a museum for you to browse the arts. Museum usually is just for browsing, not purchasing. For commercial gallery, is a private sustained gallery where the artists can sell their own works.I didnt know much of Artist-run centre until I know theres Nuit Blanche. Nuit Blanche is a big artist-run centre in Toronto and I think its very successful. As Clive said in the text, Th e first thing is that conceptualisms intellectual currency as an art-making strategy is very much resilient and, secondly that the projects of self-government or self-administration and bureaucracy for artists have to be lived through in order to encompass and assess what rules are in play and which sets of rules provide the most or least acceptable honourable opportunities and advantages. (Clive 2)Artist-run is hard to run it without funding from government or non-profit organizations. So, they think its better to run as bureaucracy for artists. They will have a more stable base to run art. Arts need to be thinking out of the box which Designers always been asked to do. Artist-Run Centre keeps on running in different places, barely it seems exchangeable artists and curators stop discussing about it. The artists and curators from this generation should start to write about the Artist-Run Centre, or else it would just stop as history and theres no contemporary anymore.Hal Niedzi vecki discussed in the essay, Fear and abomination on the Granting Trail Canadian Art Versus Canadian Bureaucracy, Niedzivecki said Canadian artists suffers from Arts Bureaucracy Angst (ABA). ABA can ruin the artists life, such as creativity. The world is full of judgments and right or wrong, but it seems like Arts Bureaucracy is not giving artists choices of what they are doing. Niedzivecki had given examples of the artists/writers about their story. Youll note that Molly Morin erudite a reverse lesson she got her grant, and so was empowered, personally not financially to pursue her poetry and publish her chapbook.A faceless verdict is issued lacking context or explanation or encouragement, one can easily mistake that verdict decision ever meant to be (Niedzivecki 259) Arts Bureaucracy can be set some pressures on the artists. People always say being an artist is so poor youll be famous after you died. For artists, they make art because they love to create something through a rt and they make money from it, but it is hard to make money from doing art. As Niedzivecki mentioned, Artists have always needed funding. (Niedzivecki 259), artists dont know their art will sell and earn them money.ABA is the ugly, gnawing feeling we get when we sense that our livelihood is chthonian threat by forces global, government that we can neither affect nor predit. (Niedzivecki 260) Not only artist and designer, basically everything is controlled by the global and the government. You do have the right to make some art or design, but you cant avoid having judgments or rejections from the global. ABA is totally a discouragement to artist. Niedzivecki could depict the truthfulness and the sinfulness of ABA in the essay.In conclusion, contemporary art is not only involve with conceptual art, body art, environmental art, correspondence art, performance art, but its include with artist-run centre and arts bureaucracy angst. In contrast between Clive Robertson and Hal Nied zivecki, they both have different points of view of contemporary Canadian art. Indeed, I found a similarity between two authors message is that artists are starving artist, where Niedzivecki had mentioned in the essay. Artists want to do their best in their artworks and get compliments from others. Unfortunately, the rejections or judgments they get are way more than compliments.

Why I Own A Computer

Computers be capable of doing more things every year. There be numerous advantages to knowing how to subprogram a figurer, and it is important that everyone know how to use them properly. Using the reading I maintain gathered, and my take knowledge from my 12 years of estimator experience, I will explain the many advantages of owning a figurer and how they important they argon in your everyday life. I hope this helps others understand why computers and the earnings are so important to have access to.Websters New World be Dictionary defines a computer as an electronic machine that performs rapid, complex calculations or compiles and correlates data (Computer, 1995, p. 226). man this definition gives one a very narrow view of what a computer is capable of doing, it does render the basic ideas of what I will expand upon. We have been living through and through and through an age of computers for a mulct while now, and there are already many people worldwide that are compu ter literate. fit to Using Computers A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, over 250 million personal Computers (PCs) were in use by 1995, and one out of every three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman, & Waggoner, 1996,p138). Computers are easy to use when you know how they work and what the separate are. All computers perform the four basic trading operations of the information bear on cycle input, process, output, and storage. entropy, any kind of raw facts, is required for the processing cycle to occur. Data is impact into utile information by the computer hardware.Most computer systems consist of a monitor, a system unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a keyboard, a mouse, and a printer. Each component takes a part in one of the four operations. The keyboard and mouse are input devices I use to enter data into the computer. From there the data goes to the system unit where it is processed into useful in formation the computer tin can understand and work with. Next the processed data can be sent to storage devices or to output devices.Normally output is sent to the monitor where I can view it or stored on the hard-disk or to a floppy-disk located internal of the system unit. turnout can also be printed out through the printer, or can be played through the speakers as sound depending on the form it takes after it is processed. Once I had grasped an understanding of the basic parts and operations of a computer, I then discovered how computers were going to mold my life easier and more enjoyable. world computer literate allows you to use many powerful computer software applications and utilities to do work for school, business, or pleasure.Microsoft is the menstruation leading producer of many of these applications and utilities. Since Microsoft is the largest software producer it stands to reason most people including myself probably use one of their products on a daily basis. A s for myself, I use a variety of software products from many different software vendors. Microsoft has also produced a software package called Microsoft Office that is very useful in creating reports, databases, spreadsheets, monstrances, and other documents for school and work. Included in Microsoft Office, are Microsoft boy, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft PowerPoint.Microsoft Word is a word processing program that makes creating master key looking documents such as announcements, resumes, letters, address books, and reports easy to do. I use Word everyday in my job. I write many letters and other forms of communications to my customers or bronco buster employees at Hewlett-Packard. Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program, has features for data organization, calculations, decision-making, and graphing. I find it very useful in making professional looking reports. I also use it for tracking my sales and income using its spreadsheet capabilities.Microsoft PowerPo int is a complete presentation graphics program that allows you to produce professional looking presentations (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 1996,p. 2). PowerPoint is flexible enough so that you can make believe electronic presentations, overhead transparencies, or even 35mm slides. I don t use this as ofttimes as the others, but I do use it when giving tours to students who visit Hewlett-Packard. When I using the Internet it allows me access to a vast resource of facts, knowledge, information, and entertainment that can help me do my work and have fun.According to Netscape Navigator 2 running under Windows 3. 1, the Internet is a collection of networks, each of which is placid of a collection of smaller networks (Shelly, Cashman, & Jordan, 1995, p. 12). Information can be sent over the Internet through communication lines in the form of graphics, sound, video, animation, and text. These forms of computer media are known as hypermedia. Hypermedia is accessed through hypertext links , which are pointers to the computer where the hypermedia is stored. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the collection of these hypertext links throughout the Internet.Each computer that contains hypermedia on the WWW is known as a Web site and has Web pages decline up for users to access the hypermedia. Browsers such as Netscape allow me to surf the net and search for the hypermedia of their choice. I have found millions of examples of hypermedia on the Internet. While surfing I also found art, photos, information on business, the government, and colleges, television schedules, impression reviews, music lyrics, online news and magazines, sport sights of all kinds, games, books, and thousands of other hypermedia on the WWW.Through the Internet I can use, electronic mail (E-Mail), chat with other users around the world, grease ones palms airline, sports, and music tickets, and shop for a house or a car. All of this, and more, provides me with a limitless tot up of information for resear ch, business, entertainment, or other personal use. Online services such as America Online, Prodigy, or CompuServe make it even easier to access the power of the Internet. The Internet alone is almost reason enough to become computer literate, but there is still much more that computers can do.One of my favorite reasons for having a computer is for playing video games. With a PC you can play card games, simulation games, sport games, schema games, fighting games, and adventure games. Todays technology provides the ultimate experiences in color, graphics, sound, music, full motion video, animation, and 3D effects. Computers have also become increasingly useful in the music, film, and television industry. I have employ my computer to compose music, create sound effects, create special effects, and create 3D life-like animation.I harbor t make this but I know its possible to edit previous existing movie and TV footage into new programs, as seen in the movie Forrest Gump. All this a nd more can be done with computers. I feel that there is truly no time like the present to become computer literate. Computers will be doing even more things in the future and will become unavoidable. Purchasing and encyclopaedism about a new PC now will help put PCs into the other two-thirds of the homes worldwide and make the transition into a computer age easier. I believe everyone should own a computer regardless of age. The time is now, and the future is here.

Great Gatsby, Detailed Analysis, Passage Chapter 1 (p.13-15) Essay

In this changeover notch Carraway is visiting his cousin Daisy and her husband Tom Buchanan, a former member of break offs social club at Yale University, on East Egg. Inside, Daisy lounges on a couch with her friend, Jordan Baker, a rivalrous golfer who yawns as though bored by her surroundings. As Nick enters he describes his two young-bearing(prenominal) companions in extreme stop.F. Scott Fitzgerald uses imagery on many occasions to aid the reader to picture the setting. He describes the womens dresses fluttering in the move up as though they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house (p.13). Fitzgerald also illustrates the women seeming to be buoyed up..upon an anchored blow up (p.13). He repeats the metaphor of balloons as he recounts that they seem to be ballooning to the ground as the wind calms. Nick, the narrator, goes on to describe his company. He does so in extreme detail. The author does this as to help us visualize Nicks situation. The th eme of blank is inaugurated in this passage (They were both in white, p.13) emphasizing the innocence and pureness of Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker.Fitzgerald makes the visualization of the visitation very simple for his readers by using acute examples (her chin raised a little, as if she were balancing something on her chin, p.14). He makes her appear about statuesque. Jordan is portrayed as having a bored and apathetic attitude about everything, which is all part of her I am too good for you appearance. Jordan Baker seems to be ignoring Nick upon his entry (If she saw meshe gave no track of it-, p.14). This looks as though Jordan is playing hard to get. The mind games could be seen to be conveying that she is attracted to Nick. The narration dough and we hear Daisys voice for the first time (Im p-paralyzed with happiness, p.14). Nick mentions her carefreeness Daisy Buchanans illustration is very descriptive.She seems to have taken a greater deal of interest in Nick althoug h there does appear to be a hint of awkwardness in the room, possibly due to the fact that the two have not seen apiece other in a lengthy detail of time. She is not labeled beautiful, the reader does however get an inkling that she is, as there seems to be a sort of aura surrounding her (That was a way she had. p.14). The narrator tells the reader a little patch about himself and how he is not used to the posh lifestyle of the people of East Egg (..any sight of complete self-sufficiency draws a stunned tri thate from me, p.14). This could mean that Nick is used to a to a greater extent family orientated lifestyle were friends and family supported and trusted one another more.As the conversation between Daisy and Nick continues, Scott Fitzgerald decides to go into even more detail about Daisy. He catalogs her speech in extreme detail (..in her low thrilling voicethe kind of voice that the ear follows up and downas if each speech is an arrangement of notes., p.14). Nick does not only comment on Daisys voice but also her general appearance, her face, her eyes and even her mouth. The narrators portrayal of Daisy leads the reader to believe that she is a person of great beauty. A lady with whom one could easily fall in love with. Nick is almost obsessional about his cousin, Nick not being the only one in the persist of the book.F. Scott Fitzgerald really triumphs in his use of language. His language is full of concrete verbal images which are incredibly kindly to the senses. Furthermore his descriptions of setting, characters and symbolism are in such sheer detail, it is impossible for the reader not to gravel imagining what it, she, he or they must have looked or even sounded like. This passage introduces us to two of the unexampleds major characters, Daisy and Jordan. It it also the first time we get a real taster of F. Scott Fitzgeralds descriptive abilities.

Pest Analysis England

environsal regulations and certificate As the menace of coal smoke receded the society changed its name (to the National Society for plum Air) and its focus, and in the mid-seventies began to campaign vigorously on air pollution from fabrication and, increasingly, transport. During this period membership was mainly (although off the beaten track(predicate) from exclusively) drawn from local governing, with some industrial membership. Perhaps the main achievement of the Society after the Clean Air Acts was the development of the concept of Local Air Quality Management and the incorporation of this in the surround Act 1995.The original Environment Bill was intended to deal with issues such as the establishment of the Environment Agency, contaminated land, National Parks and waste topics. Tax policies Britain is becoming a less attractive smudge to invest and work in because of government tax plans, trade and investment minister Digby Jones said on Friday, the latest non-politi cal appointee to question policy. The ruling Labor party has come under pressure to pock opposition plans to raise more tax from wealthy foreigners living and working in Britain.It has proposed to end tax breaks which mean rich residents who argon non-domiciled for fiscal purposes pay no UK tax. International trade regulations and restrictions a. second Tariffs custom profession is assessed on the funfair market value of trade goods at the time they atomic number 18 land in the UK. Import prices for products entering the UK from non-EU maintains generally consist of Cost, Insurance, Freight and Duty, with VAT of 15% levied on the nub value. This sum is the exporters landed cost, business paid. The commercial invoice value is usually accepted as the normal price, but if a preferential arrangement has been realised between the overseas supplier and the importer, or an unrealistic value has been decl ared, HM Revenue and tailoreds (HMRC) reserves the right to assess a fair m arket value for duty purposes. The duty is payable at the time the goods are imported, but established importers can defer compensation for an average of 30 days. In addition to customs duties on imported goods, an excise tax is levied on in-country sales of alcohol, tobacco, and road vehicles, and on sales of oil and petroleum products. . great deal Barriers The UK has no significant trade or investment barriers and no restrictions on the dispatch of capital or repatriation of profits. The very few barriers that exist are almost all attributable to UK implementation of EU Directives and regulations. c. Import Requirements and Documentation A limited range of goods requires import licenses, which are issued by the UK Department for Business, try and restrictive Reforms Import Licensing Branch. These include firearms and explosives, nuclear materials, entertainled drugs and certain items of military equipment. d. U.S. Export chinks U. S. exports to the UK are overt to the nor mal U. S. export control regulations, administered by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) for dual-use items and the Directorate of Defense make out Controls (DDTC) for military end-use items. In June 2007, President Bush and Prime Minister Blair announced a forthcoming two-sided Defense Trade Cooperation pact, intended to greatly reduce licensing requirements arising from government-to government defense programs. At the time of writing, the Treaty is under review by the U. S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee.In addition to International Trafficking in Arms Regulations (ITAR), re-exports from the UK and the activities of UK-based subsidiaries, are subject to UK export controls. These are managed by the Export Control Organization (ECO), an office of the UK Department for Business, Enterp encouragement and Regulatory Reform (BERR). U. S. companies supplying certain restricted items appearing on the UK Military List, including missile and long-range UAV technology, are enc ouraged to consult guidance available from the ECO website on the trafficking and brokering provisions contained in the UK Export Control Act 2002. . evanescent Entry Raw materials, temporarily imported for incorporation into products for export, whitethorn be admitted without payment of duties and taxes. The importer must provide a bank or amends company guarantee or indemnification for the applicable duties and taxes. Goods intended for unaltered re-export may also be imported free of duty for a period of up to six months by prior arrangement with Her Majestys Revenue & Custom (HMRC). Temporary entries and goods imported for technical examination and testing are subject to a VAT pay off scheme with VAT refunded following the re-export of the goods.Products imported for repair, calibration, or incorporation are admitted with conditional relief from duty and VAT pending correct disposal of goods, usually re-export from the European Community. Professional and demonstration equip ment may be temporarily imported into the UK free of duty and tax under the usance Convention on the Temporary Importation of Professional Equipment. Additionally, these goods may also be imported under the above-mentioned VAT arrive at on scheme for temporary entries. f. Labeling and Marking RequirementsIn the UK, origin, weight and dimension, chemical composition and appropriate hazard warnings are need for consumer security measures purposes on any product offered for retail sale. If the product cannot be labeled or marked, the data may be included on any packaging, accompanying printed material, or product literature. European and British clothing and shoe sizes are differently marked, and exceptional provision may have to be make for apparel retail labeling. Dual labeling is strongly supported by the UK, which uses the practice as a cost-saving pulse in its exports to North America. . Prohibited and Restricted Imports Prohibited imports include AM citizens band radios, switchblade knives, devices that swan toxic, noxious or harmful substances (e. g. , tear gas), counterfeit coins and currency, certain types of pornography and hormone-treated beef. The UK participates in the Wassenaar Arrangement for the control of dual-use exports the Australia Group (AG) for the control of chemical and biological weapons and the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) for nuclear-related goods, preventing the export of restricted goods and echnology to countries of proliferation concern. The UK also supports coupled Nations sanctions restricting exports to certain other destinations. Although sensitive to the extraterritorial application of U. S. impartiality in export controls, the UK authorities cooperate with the U. S. in preventing the re-export of sensitive goods and technology of U. S. -origin to unauthorized destinations, when the enforcement action is based on multilateral controls. h. Customs Regulations and Contact InformationThe documents required for shipmen ts include the commercial invoice, bill of lading or airway bill, packing list, insurance documents, and, when required, special certificates of origin, sanitation, ownership, etc. A copy of the commercial invoice should accompany the shipment to avoid delays in customs clearance. It is worth noting that imprecise descriptions are a common reason for goods being held without customs clearance, importation that a clear description of the goods is essential and should be worded in such a way as to describe the goods to an individual who may not necessarily have an understanding of a particular industry or article.A clear description of goods should satisfy three basic questions as to what the product is, for what is it used, and of what it is made. No special form of invoice is required, but all of the details needed to establish the true value of the goods should be given. At least two additional copies of the invoice should be sent to the consignees to facilitate customs clearance. consular documents are not required for shipments to the UK. Contract enforcement lawA gravel is a promise or a range of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty. This may be seen as giving three interconnected elements a. A promise In the context of English law, a reference to a promise here may be seen as misleading. It is often (rightly) stated that English law will not give effect to a unmingled promise and that an agreement, or meeting of minds, is required. In fact, this is simply a way of distinguishing between two types of promise, viz. those which do and dont give rise to a healthy duty.Thus, a promise to meet ones other half for dinner at 7pm gives rise to no legal obligation it is a mere promise whereas a promise to sell someone a car for ? 5000 gives rise to legal obligation. b. A legal duty arising from that promise Here, English contract doctrine distinguishes between bilatera l and unilateral contracts. A bilateral contract gives rise to obligations on both sides. Thus in a contract of sale, the seller has an obligation to transfer title in the thing sold to the buyer, whilst the buyer has an obligation to pay the price.A unilateral contract, by contrast, gives rise to obligations on one side only. Thus I will give you ? 100 if you run a marathon gives rise to a legal duty on the maker of the statement (the promisor) to pay the notes if the race is run, whilst the person to whom the statement is made (the promisee) is under no obligation to run in the firstly place. c. A remedy for breach of that duty In considering the development of remedies, a fundamental distinction in English law between common law (often just abbreviated to law) and equity must be understood.For much of its history, England had two separate systems of law working side by side, each of which had different rules. One, administered by the courts of common pleas and Kings Bench, was called the common law the other, presided over by the Lord Chancellor in the court of chancery was equity. Since the Judicature Acts of the nineteenth century the two systems have been administered by the identical courts, although they remain separate sets of doctrine.Most important for our current purposes is that the two systems developed different sets of remedies for breach of contract, although other true rules which have application to contracts will be discussed as they arise. d. Proof of promise Objective intention e. conformity of promise Offer & acceptance f. Form of promise Certainty g. Validity of promise Intention to progress to legal singings h. Validity of promise Consideration Consumer protection The United Kingdom, as member state of the European Union, is bound by the consumer protection directives of the EU.Domestic (UK) laws originated within the ambit of contract and tort but, with the influence of EU law, it is emerging as an independent area of law. In m any circumstances, where domestic law is in question, the subject field judicially treated as tort, contract, restitution or even criminal law. Consumer Protection issues are dealt with when complaints are made to the Director-General of Fair Trade. The Office of Fair craft 3will then investigate, impose an injunction or draw a bead on the matter to litigation. However, consumers cannot directly complain to the OFT.Complaints need to be made to Consumer Direct who will provide legal advice to complainants, or re-direct the individual complaint to Trading Standards for investigation. Due to restrictions within the Enterprise Act 2002, individual complainants are unable to be told whether their case is being investigated or not. In very rare cases, Consumer Direct may direct a very large number of complaints to the OFT to be considered as a systemic complaint. The OFT can also be engaged by consumer groups e. g.The Consumers Association or the statutory consumer protection body Co nsumer Focus via a super complaint. The OFT rarely prosecute companies, however, preferring a light touch regulation approach. Consumer complaints against companies are not published, but investigation work, undertakings and enforcements are located at 2. Many of the consumer protection laws e. g. Distance Selling Regulations 2000 or Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Act 1997 are actually UK implementations of EU directives. The OFT is one of the bodies responsible for enforcing these rules.This leads to a problem in that these examples of legislation are clearly designed to deal with individual complaints but the OFT will only deal with systemic complaints and will terminate individual complainants redirecting them back to Consumer Direct. The Office of Fair Trading 3 also acts as the UKs official consumer and competition watchdog, with a remit to make markets work well for consumers, and at a local, municipal level by Trading Standards departments. General consumer advice can b e obtained from Consumer Direct or via a local branch of the Citizens Advice Bureau. Employment laws The law has given employees and in many cases other workers who might not count as employees rights and entitlements in relation to how they are disciplined and dismissed, how their grievances are handled, wages, absence from work and sickness, holidays, work breaks and working hours, time off for family emergencies, gestation and paternity leave, the right to apply for flexible working, redundancy and retirement. All workers have the right not to be discriminated against in relation to their gender or orientation, race, age, disabilities, or religion and beliefs.Staff who feel they have been denied their rights have correct by taking their employers to an Employment Tribunal. The chances of this happening have increased three-fold for employers in the past decade or so. There was a year on year increase in Employment Tribunal claims of 56 per cent last year (2009-10) bringing th e number of claims received to their highest level ever at 236,100 claims (source Tribunals Service). In unfair dismissal cases employers can be ordered to pay compensation of more than ? 76,000. In diversity cases compensation awards are theoretically unlimited and six-figure payouts are not uncommon.

Land Acquisition in Zambia

Due to the effects of pabulum price crisis of 2007-2008, at that place was growth impact among the nations about the food security. at that place was surge in hold for food products by the food import countries and subsequently food-producing countries imposed or so restrictions on the food exports of food ingrains. In order to couple the growing demand of food and face increasing pressures on natural resources and water scarcity, the countries with cut back and water constraints involve an alternative means of producing food.Acquisition of call down kill in the bristleing countries by these countries seeks to watch food security. practically on the land acquisition drive) These enthronizations ar not driven by the notion of comparative expediency in the large production of indigenous crop (Mann and Smaller 1 January 2010). The high oil prices in 2007-2008 were another driver, which triggered interest of developed countries to acquire land for energy crops. Globa l financial crisis too concomitant investors to invest in outside(prenominal) lands. The value of both food and fertile land was organise to gain, fashioning them an attractive new investiture.Budgetary resources in developing countries may not be enough to meet infrastructural investment required to use the land to its dominance. slightly developing countries ar seeking foreign investment to exploit their surplus land which is currently un utilize or under-utilized. This may lead to creation of melodic lines in rural areas and there may also be investment in health and education welkin. engine room transfer by the investor countries may lead to increase in farm productivity. However these investments are not without trade offs.There are concerns about the impact on local unretentive heap, who lack addition to and bind over land on which they depend. There deal be local unemployment because of projects with imported men and high degree of mechanization. It leav e alone also lead to increase in regional land prices by dint of soaring competition with regard to acreage and resources, and thus less access of land to poor people. immaterial investors bottomland also emerge as strong competitors to local producers, especially small households.There is also attempt of land conflicts in territories without well defined land titles (Bicker and Breuer 37 April 2009). In some sides, the land leases are justified on the basis that the land being acquired by the foreign investor is unproductive or underutilized. However, there may be that the land is being used by poor for purposes such as grazing animals and gathering fuel wood or medicinal plants. These uses tend to be undervalued in semiofficial assessments because they are not marketed, but they give notice provide valuable livelihood sources to the poor. (Von Braun and Meinzen-Dick 2 April 2009) large-scale land acquisitions may further jeopardize the welfare of the poor by depriving them of the prophylactic-net function of this persona.There can be misappropriation of arable land, displacement of indigenous people without compensation and migration to cities. So it is crucial to ensure that these land deals, and the environment inwardly which they take place, are designed in a ways that testament reduce the threats and facilitate the win-win situation for all the parties involved. According to Sustainable development innovation briefs (January 2010), There are three sources of impartiality governing foreign investment in agricultural land. 1) Domestic law 2) International investment take in 3) International investment agreements (IIAs)According to Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives of Republic of Zambia, Zambia has the best step forward and underground water resources in Africa, with many rivers, lakes and dams. Sharing borders with eight countries, Zambia is centrally situated as a gateway to both southern and central Africa. This location is strategi cally advantageous by placing Zambia in a position to exploit the growing regional markets of SADC and COMESA, and be an active participant in regional and worldwide tillage trade initiatives (Source The best of Zambia).Even with resource endowment for development of a wide trudge crops, livestock, and fish given the diversity of its agro-ecological zones, there was lack of cultivation because initially labour was forced toward digging sector. Urbanization kept the people to cities only. There was lack of infrastructure and utilities in rural areas which imposes a higher social woo in moving towards floriculture sector. The policies which took place were directed towards the development of mining sector, neglecting agriculture. It is for the most part seen that the developed countries are mainly with expanding industrial sector.These developed countries have initially accumulated the surplus in agriculture sector and then invested that surplus for expansion of industrial sect or. So there is need to develop agriculture initially. Zambia is cryptic in mineral resources. To explore the potential there is need to develop agriculture sector. In Zambia, most farmers are insecure in the ownership of the land they forge in. Less than 5% of them have leasehold title for their land. some farmers pay rent to titleholders or have some kind of sharecropping establishment with the title owners.Others depend on land owned either by the politics or common soldier owners, or on council or forestry land for their musical accompaniment. Those living in areas of customary land use do not need to be consulted before mining operations are allowed, and are usually not even aware of the possibility of placing land disputes before the Lands Tribunal (MacCuish and Frankel on behalf of Halifax Initiative Coalition). The efforts of the Agriculture part to mark off ownership and use of agricultural areas were hindered by the lack of information about who owned the land.Acc ording to report of Global Times ( 9 September 2009), The Zambian government is to devise measures that would change surface and quicken the acquisition of title deeds by prospective land owners, this was done in a bid to clothe the less privileged people to own land in the country. The poor people can use land as collateral for them to access loans for land development. According to Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives of Zambia (26 January 2010), unwrap of 75 million hectares land of Zambia, 43 million hectares (53%) is classified as medium to high potential for agriculture production.So far only 6. 02 (14%) of agricultural land is currently utilized. Irrigation summate potential is 2. 7 million hectares out of which about 156000 hectares is under irrigation. Framers are given a good price for grain but due to lack of market access the exit is outweighed by poor infrastructure. Zambia endowed with rich natural resources needs investment by foreign investors to strengthen Zambias economic muscle (Zambia carry dated May 11, 2010) Acquisition of land by the foreign investors is controversial and carriers many risks.Foreign investment can also be made through and through contract kingdom and out- raisers scheme or mutual venture or provision of infrastructure by the investor country. (David Hallam 6 December, 2009) According to FAO (2001), Contract farming can be defined as an agreement between farmers and processing/marketing firms for the production and supply of agriculture products under forward agreement, frequently at predetermined prices. The arrangements also invariably involve the purchaser in providing a degree of production support through, for example, the supply of inputs and provision of technical advice.The basis of such arrangements is a commitment on the part of the farmer to provide a specific good in quantities and at quality standards determined by the purchaser and a commitment on the part of the company to support the farmers pr oduction and to purchase the commodity. In contract farming, farmers have to loose some freedom over the choice of crops they want to grow.The main commodities produced by small-scale farmers in Zambia under contract farming arrangements are cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar, paprika and fresh vegetables. Of late honey, livestock (pigs and dairy cattle) and organic products are also coming up. Likilunga 3 December 2005) Nevertheless, joint ventures between foreign investors and local producers or their associations as partners magnate offer much spillover benefits for the host country. Mixed models are also possible with investments in a large-scale core enterprise at the centre but also involving outgrowers under contracts to supplement core production. rough governments have been active in encouraging foreign involvement in such enterprises, as in the Tanzanian sugar sector or the so-called Farm turn backs in Zambia (David Hallam 6 December, 2009).Zambian government has embarked on a programme to open up viable farm layovers in various split of country to be involved in primary production and value addition. In Farm Block Development, giving medication has to provide basic infrastructure such as road, bridges and electrification. The design of Farm block is as follow. There is one core venture of 10,000 Hectares with commercial farms of 1000-5000 Hectares and small holdings of 30-300 Hectares. (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives of Zambia 26 January 2010).The type of business model to be adopted depends on certain characteristics of the economy i. e. olitical and social conditions, specific circumstances, the commodity concerned etc. Land acquisition and commercialization of agriculture is favorable, when economies of scale are important or there is need for investment in infrastructure. Contract farming or outgrower scheme is desirable when there in need to involve small landholders, but in contract farming care should be taken that contracts ar e properly implemented and there is no exploitation of smallholders by the big firms. The judicial proceeding process in Zambia takes too long and accordingly enforceability through litigation process is costly and therefore not resorted to.There is weakness of enforceability when contract is breached. Donor funding forms a big part of Zambias spending plan (The Africa report October 2009). China, India, South-Korea and oil-rich gulf countries with land and water constraints are turning to Africa as food security blanket. Saudi Arabia is interested in area of agriculture in Zambia. China is proposing to acquire 5 million acres of land to grow jatropha. Jatropha is a perennial plant, which can be used as biofuel. Plantation have yield after 2-3 years. In the short order there go forth be loss but in long run there will be gains.In recognize generated from grove will vary from year to year. Growing Jatropha needs long term investment, which is vulnerable to risk due to uncertainty in price, yield, labour cost and rate of interest. Biofuel can provide hedge once against humor change. Jatropha can also be used as a substitute for expensive kerosene, fertiliser and diesel. It needs less water so there is no need of major irrigation facilities. Jatropha can be planted during spare time in idle or fallow land, for which lot of formally unused land and degraded bush land seems available.Cultivation of Jatropha on abandoned agricultural, deforested or degraded land has the potential to meliorate the nutrient content of the soil and reduce erosion. Thus, this may improve the value of the land. However, the expanding use of land for the Jatropha production, even though it is marginal land, could mean that people living in the area would have to find other places for collecting firewood, herbs and fields for pasture land etc. So the selection of land for production should be done very carefully. Land grab in Africa mainly for biofuels has serious implications for food security.This however but it depend on the ownership of the land and how much space the production of Jatropha takes up. Biodiesel is mainly used by developed countries. If the price of food grains increases, then the people in developing country will suffer. Food security could even decrease where land and water resources are commandeered by the international investment project at the expense of domestic smallholders or where foreign investments push up land values. There can also be worst case scenario that there is production of 100 units energy biodiesel from the inputs of 127 units energy.The advertising that agro-fuels will assist farmers is based on the notion that the decisions about the use of the land remain decentralized within the country. Farmers should be given free will to decide how to plant Jatropha to produce oil for lamps or sop or bio-diesel for their vehicles. But the scenario set up by the large corporations is not what is desirable. There is trespass of huge tracts of African land for overseas consumption and if they ruin the ecosystem, they conveniently make a drop dead to other areas (MS Zambia Newsletter August 2009).Production of Jatropha is mainly done by the Out grower schemes. It is found that mostly there were no formal contracts for production. Even if contracts exist, there was no enforcement. Even farmers are not satisfied with Outgrowing system. Firms promise to endow the farmers with technology but fail to turn up again to provide information on technical issues. Production is targeted toward export and fails to benefit Zambian people. This can be confirmed by the fact that there exist no refineries in Zambia. There is need to set up a monitoring committee which can observe that all the contracts taking place are implemented.Strict actions should be taken if contracts are not enforced. The land grabbing has become very sophisticated and the poor are bound to suffer. There is need to lobby government for some insurance changes. Civil societies should come up for the benefit of small holders and there is need to sensitize and assist the poor access and legally own land. Building the content of small scale farmers and their organizations to be part of the new agribusiness dispensation through direct investments as well as in partnership with foreign investors is desirable.There is need to empower the rural communities access and communally own land through Community land titles to protect them in the future land concessions. (MS Zambia Newsletter August 2009). There is need by government to put more conducive environment by setting up small claims courts. There is need for further nurture of small-scale farmers so that they can develop skills in negotiating for good prices for their commodities. (Likilunga 12 December 2005) Extensive control of land by other countries can also raise questions of political interference and influence. (David Hallam December 2009).Government maintains secrecy in th e deals involving foreign investors. This lack in transparency undermines government accountability and gives an opportunity for corruption. Some recently account land deals were associated with allegations that investors had paid cash or in-kind contributions to business or other activities run by high government officials or even the president in a personal capacity (e. g. Hervieu, 2009), even where private ownership is formally recognized most of the land is controlled by state (Cotula, Vermulen, Leonard and Keeley 69 2009).It has been seen that incomes are very unevenly distributed in Zambia. Bottom 80% of populations in terms of earning are reported to have acquired only 31. 3% of total income, while the top 20% of population claimed 68. 87% of total income. (Zambian Economist, 31 May, 2008). Non availability of written agreement on land acquisition has created disputes in some resolution area. A vigorous consultative process on land acquisition has to be adopted o minimize t hese land disputes. It is required to have all the deals in the written form.Appropriate Resettlement policy should be in place and adequate compensation should be give to the displaced farmers. Farmers generally practice subsistence farming and the land of cultivation is scattered. Most of the rural population keeps on migrating within the country. The liberalization of the agriculture sector and other reforms in Zambia, were accompanied by the decline in cultivated land and maize production. The symmetry of households selling to the market and concentration of serves in central areas was also reduced. (Sangrario Floro and Schaefer 84 fall 1998). With privatization, subsistence farmers have to move out.Before the reforms, Government bore all the transportation expenses both within and between regions and gave huge fertilizer subsidy so the prices of food grain as same for all producers. After reforms of 1990s, it was found that the cost of production has increased drastically beca use of high transportation costs and removal of subsidies for fertilizer, forcing farmers to sell at farm gate only. Thus the supply to market was nil. Evidence can be taken from the squealer mines in Zambia, which was privatized in 1991. Large tract of land was required for development of new mines.There was often dialog with local chiefs for land. Local people were persuaded on the trust that they will be relocated to other areas. Most often interest of local people was in variance with that of investors. Sometimes the local chiefs enter into privy(p) deals with investors and accepted bribes as an inducement to persuade their subjects to acquiesce to investors demands. Impact of large scale mining on local community has been negative. There were social conflicts, destruction of livelihood, dislocation and displacement of local communities and environment abasement (Simutanya, ISS paper 165 July 2008).In case of foreign investments, it is noticed that Zambians were not given ma ny job opportunities and people were placed from permanent to rolling contracts leading to casualization of labour. If agriculture land is given in foreign hands, it can lead to similar consequences. Foreign investors are driven by profit motive. They generally us capital intensive techniques driving labour out of work force. They also try to minimize return to capture more profits in their hands. Profit, rather than having any impact on Zambia economy, is placed in banks or re-invested in companies outside the country.But it is also seen that with privatization, all workers came as a union, there was increase in the minimum wages. It can also be expected from agriculture sector. If all agricultural workers work in a huge tract of land then even they can coordinate themselves and demand for better wages and better working conditions. ). The economical benefits were also marginal, leading to large inequalities. In 2009, more than 80% of Zambias foreign exchange earnings and 15. 9% o f GDP came from copper mining. (iol. co. a Zambia copper mines More local benefits urged April 2010).In 2006, the contribution of mining to PAYE1 was 54%, to VAT2 was 45% and to employment generation was 58%. (Source Zambia Development Authority). But Zambia fails to influence World market prices. (Source www1. america. edu) Fluctuations in copper prices can impact the unit of measurement economy. So there is need to develop agriculture sector also as a safety net. But in which direction policy should be made is yet to be decided. The policy recommendations should be such that it should not affect the social and environmental climate of the country.